A functional class of
particles, the "Alternative Charge Carriers" (ACCs), is
recognized as characteristic of the Electroweak domain and
the Weak Force Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs).
The photon is the massless
gauge boson of the electromagnetic force, and its large,
spatial, intrinsic
entropic motion ("velocity c"), creates the huge (and
cold) "metric domain" of 4-dimensional spacetime. The massive
Higgs boson has no intrinsic spatial motion, but instead
regulates or "gauges" a spatially tiny high-energy "particle
domain" consisting of three species of massive "gauge"
particles - the weak force IVBs. Acting through the
IVBs, the Higgs controls a numerically huge functional class
of virtual or potential particles: the Alternative Charge
Carriers (ACCs), which upon demand are made "real" from the
"virtual particle zoo" by the IVBs. The ACCs serve to carry
and transfer charges among and between baryons and leptons
during decays, transformations, and other interactions. Within
our asymmetric "matter-only" cosmos, the ACCs allow charge
conserved interactions despite the absence of antimatter, thus
avoiding annihilation reactions. The familiar proton-electron
atomic pair is the prototypical example. Our universe could
not exist without the services of the ACCs, as the original
weak force asymmetric interaction required a
charge-conserving ACC to break its matter-antimatter
symmetry. The ACCs include leptons, neutrinos, and mesons, all
particles whose original (primordial) masses are regulated by
the Higgs through the IVBs, ensuring the invariant
transformation of elementary particle identities, mass, and
other conserved charges and parameters (especially single
particle transformations, not just particle-antiparticle
pairs). The weak force IVBs (W+, W-, Z neutral ) are special
(massive) mediating field vectors, which select the
appropriate ACCs from the primordial domain of high-energy
spacetime (the Higgs sector of the Heisenberg/Dirac virtual
particle "zoo"), and then effect its transfer. The great mass
of the IVBs is necessary to access any particle sequestered in
the invariant, primordial, Higgs sector energetic domain, but
they are not themselves an ACC. They are instead a
high-energy, quantized, invariant symmetric-energy state,
maintaining the invariant symmetry (sameness) of elementary
particle charge and mass. (See: "The 'W' IVB
and the Weak Force Mechanism".)
The massive Higgs boson and its IVBs recreate the primordial
energy-density of spacetime in which the ACCs were first made
during the early moments of the "Big Bang". The Higgs-IVB
mechanism acts like a "Bureau of Standards" against which any
new ACC must be referenced or measured. Suppose you want
to transform a baryon, as in a neutron decaying to a proton?
Very well, you must go to the Higgs energetic domain and ask
the appropriate IVB for a "standard issue" ACC to do the job.
Anyone who has served in the military will recognize this
analogy to the function of the Quartermaster (Higgs), supply
sergeant (IVB), and supply depot (virtual particle "zoo"). In
the case of neutron "beta decay", you will need a meson
to "swap out" the quark flavors/colors, an electron to
carry the electric charge, and an electron antineutrino to
balance the electron's identity (number) charge, since the
electron is newly minted. A negatively charged "W" IVB of
about 81 proton masses can access the appropriate energy
sector of the primordial Higgs energy domain and get the
requisite ACCs. The bureaucracy and record keeping may seem
tedious, but only in this way can elementary particles created
today or tomorrow be exactly the same as those created eons
ago in the "Big Bang" - maintaining the elementary particle
symmetry of our universe, which ensures that any elementary
particle ever created can "swap out" with any other (of its
type), or annihilate at any time with an appropriate
antiparticle - the ultimate act of
symmetry-restoration/conservation. Note that the supply room
of the electroweak Higgs primordial energy domain does not
contain any baryons (protons/neutrons). While there are ACCs
to effect the transformations of baryons (such as
neutron-proton transformations), brand new shiny (primordial)
baryons are only created during the earliest moments of the
"Big Bang" in reactions controlled by a different (heavier)
Higgs and IVB. See: "The Origin of
Matter and Information"; See: "Table of
the Higgs Cascade".
In a universe lacking antimatter - such as ours - ACCs serve
to balance charges and preserve charge conservation during
particle interactions. ACCs enable the decay of heavy
hyperons, quarks, and lepton "families" to our familiar
electromagnetic ground state through channels that obey charge
conservation, despite the lack of antimatter in our Cosmos.
Hence the ACCs are yet another conservation consequence of our
"matter-only" Universe. The Higgs boson may be thought of as a
gauge particle or "marker" for the convergence of the weak and
electromagnetic forces: the specific energy level necessary
for the weak force creation of single members (rather
than particle-antiparticle pairs) of the ACC class of
particles.
Space is the entropic/energetic conservation domain of massless
light (free electromagnetic energy); historic spacetime is the
entropic/energetic conservation domain of massive particles (bound
electromagnetic energy). While the photon establishes a
dimensional "spacetime metric" (in which 300,000 kilometers of
distance is metrically equivalent to one second of time), the
Higgs boson establishes an electroweak particle metric or
"symmetric energy state" at 125 GEV (at which energy the electric
and weak forces are equivalent). Both are symmetry conditions, for
at "velocity c" the asymmetric time dimension vanishes, and at 125
GEV the specific identities of the leptons are subsumed into a
single "generic" leptonic identity, and likewise the specific
flavors of the quarks vanish into a single generic quark identity.
It is these generic
identities (symmetric energy states) which the weak force
IVBs "sample" to select specific quark/leptonic flavors for the
purpose of identity transformations among elementary particles. We
may think of the Higgs boson as the gauge boson of the electroweak
ACC "zoo", or virtual particle "sea", of the Heisenberg/Dirac
spacetime "vacuum".
The "Standard Model" of the "Higgs mechanism" of the
electroweak force proposes four Higgs particles - one each for the
W+, W-, and Z neutral (the "Intermediate Vector Bosons" (IVBs) or
field vectors of the weak force), and a fourth scalar boson which
gauges the intersection of the weak and electromagnetic forces.
This fourth Higgs is the one recently discovered at CERN. The W
and Z were also discovered - at CERN - in 1983. The math of this
complex theory was worked out by Weinberg, Salam, and Glashow,
1967. Peter Higgs (and others) proposed the "Higgs boson" in 1964,
as the source of elementary particle mass.`(See: "Most Wanted
Particle" by Jon Butterworth, 2014, The Experiment LLC,
pages 96-99 and 237 - 238; see also: "The Large Hadron Collider"
by Don Lincoln2014, The Johns Hopkins University
press, pages 126 and 133 - 135. )
In the real world (as opposed to the theoretical/math world), how
do we see these theories manifest? Science has long
noted that the electromagnetic force with its field vector
(the photon of "light") is evidently composed of two forms of
energy, one the massless photon, and the other a virtual component
consisting of particle-antiparticle pairs (leptons and quarks),
which materialize and annihilate one another essentially
instantaneously. Ordinarily, as this virtual particle component of
electromagnetic energy tries to materialize, it is kept in its
virtual state by matter-antimatter symmetry, which causes the
annihilation of these virtual particles as soon as they appear.
Such particles comprise a "vacuum sea" of virtual particles,
coextensive in our universe with spacetime. Given sufficient
energy, this "sea" of virtual particles is available for particle
interactions, transformations, and even creation/destruction, and
the weak force makes use of it via the mediation of its IVBs.
The great mass of the Higgs and IVBs reproduces the energy density
of the early universe when these particle pairs were in abundant
supply and essentially identical to each other (because the energy
was so extreme). The massive IVBs are thus enabled to "sample" or
select particles from that portion of the Higgs "sea" (domain)
which its mass reproduces. Selected particles are then used
to effect elementary particle interactions/transformations. (See:
"The "W" IVB
and the Weak Force Mechanism"). This mode of action allows
the IVBs to exactly reproduce elementary particles from the
original "sea" or primordial source, preserving the necessary
universal symmetry of elementary particle parameters of mass,
spin, charge, etc. Because the mechanism depends on mass to
reproduce these primitive conditions, it is unaffected by the
entropic expansion of the spatio/temporal universe; hence
electrons produced today are (and must be) identical in all
respects to those produced eons ago. With regard to the uniformity
of its productions, it is important to note that because the Higgs
is a particle with mass, it is possible for the Higgs energy
domain to be very precisely defined. The universal and necessary
symmetry among elementary particles in terms of mass and other
physical parameters is the reason why the weak force is so
strange, with its massive IVBs: the weak force must be able to
reproduce single elementary particles (not just
particle-antiparticle pairs) - that are absolutely identical in
every respect to all others (of its type) that have ever been, or
ever will be, produced - past, present, future. This is a tall
order (which only the weak force can fill), and it is one of the
defining parameters, constraints, and peculiarities of our "matter
only" universe, responsible for the oddities of the weak force and
the Higgs boson.
Let's put all this in terms of another familiar analogy (for those
who don't care for the above "quartermaster" analogy): the Higgs
mechanism is like a government mint which must stamp out coins in
various denominations, but (naturally) of identical value within
kind. It's easy to understand why all one cent, five cent, and ten
cent coins (etc.), must be of equal value within type (contain the
same quantity of precious metal), for the sake of the stability of
the country's financial system and the public trust. Here,
money/precious metal is the analog of energy, the financial system
represents conservation law (such as the conservation of energy),
and the various coin denominations represent the various
elementary particles. The Higgs mechanism represents the
government mint, and the W and Z IVBs represent the massive
presses stamping out coins - some of positive value (W+)
(positrons, positive quarks); some of negative value (W-)
(electrons, negative quarks); some of neutral value (Z zero)
(neutrinos).
This government mint serves a vast country called the Electroweak
Domain, and the coins it stamps out are the electron, muon, and
tau, their corresponding neutrinos, and their antiparticles. This
mint also produces mesons of positive, negative, and neutral
varieties, in various denominations depending upon their quark
content. The mesons are used as ACCs in baryon transformations,
because they carry various quark flavors (in addition to electric
charge), and the leptons and neutrinos are used as ACCs (of
electric and identity charge) in transactions and transformations
among and between leptons, mesons, and baryons (see: "The 'W' IVB and
the Weak Force Mechanism"). Within type, all these coins
must be identical, for obvious financial and energy conservation
reasons. The total collection of coin dies and precious metals
available from the mint (the potential range of its particle
productions) is a cosmic parameter characterized/determined by a
particular Higgs boson of unique mass/energy - in this case, the
electroweak Higgs scalar boson. The name of this mint is the
"Electroweak Alternative Charge Carrier Mint". It only produces
ACCs.
The "heavy hitters" in our electroweak domain are baryons (protons
and neutrons), as they generally carry much more mass (value) than
the leptons. But although the Electroweak Mint (Higgs mechanism)
can stamp out mesons with various quark flavor combinations and
hence permit the transformation
of baryons (as in the decay of a neutron to a proton), the
electroweak mint simply does not possess a press (IVB) massive
enough to stamp out (or destroy) baryons themselves. To obtain
newly minted baryons (or destroy them) we have to visit an
entirely different country (smaller, hotter, and denser), the
domain of the G.U.T. (Grand Unified Theory). In the country of the
GUT the electroweak and strong forces are unified, allowing the
minting of single, original baryons. (See: "The Origin of
Matter and Information").
The GUT mint has a very heavy press (the "X" IVB), which can stamp
out (or destroy) baryons themselves. But this country is so far
away that we will probably never be able to visit (at least not
via CERN and the LHC), although we know it exists because we are
up to our ears in baryons (protons and neutrons), and they have to
come from somewhere. In the electroweak domain, we can transform
baryons but we cannot make or destroy them. Like Frodo's magic
ring, baryons can only be destroyed in the furnace where they were
created. And there may be yet another country (smaller, hotter,
denser), further away still, the "TOE" ("Theory of Everything" or
" Planck" domain), with another mint/Higgs mechanism and an
ultraheavy press ("Y" IVBs), which stamps out/destroys
leptoquarks. But that domain is so close to the "Big Bang" or
"Creation Event" that nobody can get anywhere near it. (See: "The Higgs Mechanism
and the Weak Force IVBs"; See also: "Table of the
Higgs Cascade").
We should note that there is no theory for the GUT that suggests
it should include a symmetry-breaking photon/IVB split, as in the
electroweak domain. Consequently, the GUT mint may not exist
within a large spacetime domain; indeed, in our view, proton decay
occurs mainly inside black holes. Likewise, proton creation occurs
so early in the development of the universe that there is no
appreciable spacetime to speak of, and certainly no freely
traveling photons. Leptoquark creation
is earlier yet (during the TOE), within an even more opaque and
spatially constricted arena.
We, obviously, can live only in the cold and low-energy
electromagnetic domain, on Earth-like planets, where only chemical
interactions (electron shell interactions) are the rule. The
nuclear transformations in our Sun are the evidence of the
activity of the electroweak IVBs creating leptons, neutrinos,
mesons (the ACCs), as well as photons, in the nucleosynthetic
process producing helium from hydrogen. We find our planetary
chemical electromagnetic domain (which can only muster up, for
example, a coal-burning fire), dependent upon the solar energy of
nuclear transformations and the IVBs of the electroweak domain.
(These same IVBs are also engaged in any "radioactive" nuclear
transformations here on Earth.)
While the "mint" analogy may be appropriate in terms of energy vs
finances, it does not tell us how the presses (IVBs) actually make
particles with mass (although compression is implied). I have
assumed that the great mass of the IVBs represents an example of
the energy density of the early universe during the time the
"leptonic spectrum" of elementary particles was first created
(electron, muon, tau, leptoquark). Mass is a necessary feature of
the Higgs mechanism because mass (as bound energy) is not
susceptible to the entropic enervation of cosmic expansion over
the eons - ensuring an accurate reproduction of particles
whenever/wherever they may be replicated. Mass also suggests
compression, and compression may well have a large part to play in
the conversion of freely traveling electromagnetic waves (photons)
into a bound and spatially stationary form of electromagnetic
energy (matter). We know that both massive particles and light are
electromagnetic in character and are derived from one another, as
matter-antimatter annihilations unambiguously inform us, as do
also the high-energy "atom smashers" or colliders (such as the
Large Hadron Collider or LHC) at CERN, etc. The exact means
whereby light is converted into particles - now or in the early
Universe - is not known, but it must involve (at least) a
conversion from two to four dimensions and from intrinsic motion
in space at "c" with no entropic motion in time, to intrinsic motion in
time with no entropic spatial motion; the acquisition of
various conserved charges, etc. Possibly a dimensional or
topological "knot" is involved. (See: "The Higgs Boson vs
the Spacetime Metric".)
As for the mysterious Higgs boson itself, it acts as a boundary
marker or "gauge" for the threshold of the electroweak domain, the
energy at which the electromagnetic and weak forces join, and (single)
Alternative Charge Carriers may be produced. At this high energy
all the leptonic particles are equivalent, and all the quark
flavors are equivalent (but quarks vs leptonic particles are still
separate - they will join in the next higher energy level, in the
domain of the GUT). The electroweak energy level is the domain in
which (single) Alternative Charge Carriers may be created,
destroyed, and/or transformed - mesons, leptons, and neutrinos. It
is these ACCs that allow the transformation of baryons (but not
their creation or destruction), and ACCs are typical of the energy
level of the electroweak force and its usual activity (of which our Sun is
the archetypal example). The electroweak energy level allows
(via the mediation of the IVBs and ACCs), the nuclear
transformations which characterize the stars, while the chemical
(electron shell) energy level characterizes the planetary realm.
Life utilizes even weaker, specialized biochemical bonds - such as
hydrogen bonds. (See: "The Fractal
Organization of Nature".)
Virtual IVBs "sample" the mass-energy domain of the Higgs
boson, then faithfully reproduce single examples of the
ACCs: massive mesons (consisting of quark-antiquark pairs),
leptons and neutrinos. In this view, the Higgs itself does not
confer mass directly upon the elementary particles, as in the
standard "ether drag" model, but only indirectly through the IVBs.
The mass of an IVB is understood as the energy density of a
primordial era, and is not a permanent feature of any particle.
Likewise, the Higgs lives only at the intersection of the weak and
electromagnetic forces, so it marks and "gauges" the boundary of a
symmetric energy state, in which all leptons are equivalent (among
themselves), and likewise, all quarks are equivalent among
themselves.
In the "Standard Model", the Higgs and the photon separate at the
threshold of the electroweak state, the Higgs remaining massive
and the photon remaining massless ("electroweak
symmetry-breaking"). The photon goes on to create universal
spacetime, with the Higgs as a universal (but "virtual") feature
of this self-same spacetime. Stars everywhere and everywhen use
the same electroweak Higgs and IVBs to produce the same nuclear
transformations. The Higgs presence must be virtual in our
present-day cold, "ground state" universe; the "real" Higgs is
available on demand given enough energy - as at the LHC (CERN).
Presumably, there is a distinct Higgs-like boson distinguishing or
"gauging" the boundary of each confluent energy level (the EW,
GUT, and TOE). (See: "Table of the
Higgs Cascade".)
We live in an era of information-building
in the stars (as the electroweak ACCs transform baryons and build
the elements of the periodic table), and life-building on the
planets, as the universe awakens to itself, using the information
(from the Periodic Table) passed down from the stars and the
electroweak force to our cool electromagnetic/biochemical
planetary domain.
Both the "Steady State" and "Big Bang" cosmologies can be
simultaneously entertained: the all-symmetric Multiverse is the
"Steady State", mighty, eternal, immortal, and fertile, forever
"budding off" asymmetric universes similar (?) to our own,
ephemeral and of explosive origin, but requiring no net energy to
create (because of the negative energy of gravity and the equal
admixture of matter with antimatter - at least initially). Our
universe would therefore seem to be an exploration of the creative
powers of the Information Domain - perhaps one of infinitely many.
In this case the Universe is what we choose to make of it, to do
with as we wish and are able - including committing suicide by
abusing ourselves and/or our planet. The responsibility is all our
own, although Nature will help if we work with her rather than
against her.
The Enigma of Mass
Single elementary particles acquire "rest mass" (E
= mcc) from the weak force IVBs, by revisiting the original energy
density of the era in which they were first created (the Higgs
boson energy density). "Rest mass" immediately acquires a
gravitational field (and associated time dimension), which is
exactly proportional to its total rest mass (Gm), whatever the
source of the mass may be, whether elementary particle mass or
"binding energy" (in composite particles like baryons). "Inertial
mass", or "mass due to acceleration" arises from forcing a
particle's metric-warping gravitational field through the metric
field of spacetime (resistance of one metric field to the
intrusion of another metric-warping field). Gravitational "weight"
(gm - as on the surface of planet Earth) is due to the reciprocal
acceleration process - the metric field of spacetime is
accelerating through the warping gravitational field of the
stationary particle (f = ma). In this series, all the "m's" are
equivalent, and derive from the same "rest mass" source
(Einstein's E =mcc). The Equivalence Principle is upheld and
explained. Inertial mass of acceleration is not due to "ether
drag" by the Higgs field, but to the "ether drag" of a
particle's metric-warping gravitational field as it is
forced through another metric field (spacetime), which resists the
warping influence of the intruder. "g" forces are absent without
acceleration, since in that case the fields are not forcing or
extending/expanding their "warping" influences into each other.
Although gravitational fields are weak, they extend throughout
spacetime. Because the local metric field of spacetime is
influenced by the total gravitational effect of all stars/galaxies
in the cosmos, this mass-generating mechanism bears a distant
relationship to "Mach's Principle" of inertial resistance. (See: "The Higgs Boson vs
the Spacetime Metric".)
Postscript I: Let's take another look at "proton decay".
Why is it so much harder for baryons to completely decay than
leptons? We find that at the electroweak energy level - energies
found in the IVBs of our Sun - baryons may be transformed but
not created or destroyed, whereas leptons, mesons, and neutrinos
can be both transformed and created/destroyed. So far as we
know, since the time of the "Big Bang", no new (single)
baryons have ever been created, and likewise, none have ever
been destroyed (particle/antiparticle pair creation sums to zero
and doesn't count). The problem is one of a lack of suitable
Alternative Charge Carriers; baryons carry two conserved charges
that leptons lack: 1) color charge, carried by all quarks and
gluons; 2) baryon number charge, the analog of lepton number
("identity") charge, the latter carried in "implicit" form by
all massive leptons and in explicit form by neutrinos. Neutrinos
function as ACCs for the massive leptons with respect to lepton
number or identity charge, but a baryon neutrino has yet to be
discovered, if it exists at all. (See: "Lepton Number
or Identity Charge".) Both color and baryon number
charge are strictly conserved, so both must somehow be canceled,
neutralized, or otherwise balanced before a baryon may be
created or destroyed.
The color charge of the baryon's strong
force, which functions to keep the three quarks of a
baryon confined within the tiny region of the atomic nucleus, is
carried by a field of 8 "gluons", massless field vectors moving
at velocity "c". Each gluon is composed of a color/anticolor
charge pair. (There are three color charges ("red, green, blue"
- purely names of convenience with no relation at all to color
in the sense of a pigment). Quarks also carry color charges, and
it is the round-robin exchange of color charges between quarks
(via gluons) that permanently confines quarks to the nuclear
boundary (unlike photons and electric charges, all gluons and
color charges attract each other). The total color field of any
atomic nucleus always sums to zero color (or color neutrality -
"white"), and this charge must be conserved. There is no ACC
available to carry the total color charge of the baryon - only
an antibaryon can do it - and herein lies a major sticking point
for baryon creation/destruction (or "proton decay" as the
problem is generally known - the aforesaid missing baryon
neutrino is another problem). (Mesons are always color-neutral,
carrying color-anticolor charges of the same color, and hence
cannot function as an ACC for the color charge of a 3-quark
baryon.)
However, there is an "internal" solution to this color-charge
conservation problem, not requiring an anti-baryon, which stems
from the origin of the quarks as three-way partitions of a
primitive heavy lepton (the "leptoquark"). The total color
charge of a baryon must sum to zero ("white") - both because
their parent particles (the leptons) began with no color charge
at all, and because (in consequence) gluons carry
color/anticolor charges in all possible combinations, summing to
the original zero color charge ("white") of the parent lepton.
This means that if we can compress a baryon sufficiently and
symmetrically it will return to its original leptoquark state
and the color charge will self-annihilate. (Note that we are
once again contemplating compressing matter to some earlier,
more primitive, higher-energy state.) A leptoquark is a
primordial, high energy lepton, the heaviest member of the
leptonic spectrum (the spectrum of true elementary particles
- particles with no internal components and with associated
neutrino identity charges). A Leptoquark is split into three
parts (quarks) by its own too-great mass and electrical
self-repulsion (and the
action of the "Y" IVB?). (See also: "The Origin of
Matter and Information") . There is no color charge in
this (leptoquark) state because the quarks are still nascent or
virtual rather than real (they have not yet separated from each
other), but there is a lepton number charge, and this can be
carried by a neutrino ACC, the very heavy leptoquark neutrino
whose presence in the Cosmos today is registered as the
mysterious "dark matter". Hence proton decay is possible if we
can sufficiently and symmetrically compress a baryon to its
original leptoquark size, at which point a leptoquark
antineutrino can cancel its baryon number charge - or it can
emit its own leptoquark neutrino as an ACC, accomplishing in
either case the same charge/symmetry conservation. (See: "Table of the
Higgs Cascade".)
As we have noted above, compressing a baryon sufficiently and
symmetrically to cause its color charge to self-annihilate
requires the "X" IVB, which does not exist in the electroweak
energy domain (nor its "mint"). We must travel to the GUT energy
domain to find such a heavy IVB, a special press stamping out
shiny new (electrically neutral) leptoquarks in some far-away
country. These leptoquarks (analogs of heavy neutrons) achieve
electrical neutrality simply because their internal quark
composition allows such a configuration. It is these
electrically neutral leptoquarks which go on to decay
asymmetrically via the weak force "X" IVB, producing the excess
of matter-only baryons which comprise our asymmetric matter-only
universe. Hence we see the necessity for the partially-charged
quarks (to form electrically-neutral leptoquarks which can live
long enough to undergo weak force asymmetric decays), and the
relationship between the quarks, baryons, and leptons is
explained. (The necessity for three energy "families" arises
because three families presents the possibility of many more
(16) electrically neutral three-quark combinations.) Although
obviously necessary, the asymmetric weak force decay of
primordial electrically
neutral leptoquarks remains a mystery, an unexplained or
"given" parameter of our Cosmos, perhaps attributable only to
the statistical imperative - or anthropic fiat - of an
abundantly fertile Multiverse. With the excess of matter-baryons
comes an equal excess of leptoquark antineutrinos, exactly
balancing the baryon number of the universe, and accounting for
its "dark matter" content (these are presumed to be very heavy
neutrinos - perhaps as much as five times heavier than a
proton).
Because the "X" IVB is so massive, in our present-day universe
the only place proton decay can reasonably be expected to occur
is in black holes - where, unfortunately, the reaction cannot be
observed. In fact, insofar as proton decay is concerned, the
main difference between a black hole and an "X" IVB is simply
size. Perhaps, at least in a functional sense, a black hole is a
gravitational example of a gigantic Higgs boson/IVB combination
(a "gravity mint"). This would be just another instance of the
gravitational metric of black holes overtaking all functions of
the electromagnetic metric. Even photons become massive (since
they cannot travel freely), the symmetry condition g = c means
that time vanishes (because the clock stops), and all field
vectors of the electromagnetic domain are converted into
gravitational analogs. (See: "A Description of
Gravity"). The "X" IVB is so prohibitively heavy that
proton decay would be rare indeed were it not for black holes.
Perhaps this is the "real" cosmic function of black holes -
destroying baryons and converting them back to light (solving
the "singularity" problem at the center of black holes).
Heavy baryons ("hyperons") are born in the "Big
Bang" via an asymmetric weak force process; decay via ACCs
to the nucleons of our ground state; join together
gravitationally to form galaxies, stars, and planets, producing
in the process (via the strong force) the elements of the
Periodic Table. Baryons chemically create life via their
electron shells and the electromagnetic force. Baryons die/decay
in black holes, where they are crushed into light, eventually
escaping as "Hawking radiation", the final symmetry-conserving
interaction required by Noether's Theorem.
"Information" is the "golden thread" running through the
conservation laws governing the evolutionary unfolding of the
singular feature giving significance and meaning to our
universe, and providing its rationale: self-conscious life.