Abstract
The conservation role of the Higgs boson is the creation of
the "Leptonic Spectrum".
Note to reader: What follows is my personal
understanding/interpretation of the data of the "Standard Model"
of physics. It is not the same in all respects as that found in
textbooks, but it will be (I believe) within reasonable bounds.
The "leptoquark", for example, is hypothetical, and there is no
math in my papers. See: "The Higgs Boson and
the Spacetime Metric" for a discussion of further
differences between my own and the "Standard Model's" conception
of the Higgs Boson's conservation role. See also: "The Particle
Table". See also diagrams below:
Particle
Figure#1 (quarks and leptons)
http://www.johnagowan.org/tetrapart.pdf
Particle Figure
#2 (leptonic spectrun)
http://www.johnagowan.org/tetratoe.pdf
The charged weak force IVBs (W+, W- Intermediate Vector Bosons)
weigh in at approximately 80 GeV; this is the energy required
(equivalent to about 80 proton masses) to create a single
new electron or positron (not a particle-antiparticle pair, which
can be had for very much less). A W neutral (Z zero) is even more
massive, about 91 GeV; this is the energy required to create a single
new neutrino, which weighs much less even than an electron. The
reason for the huge mismatch between the rest energy (e = mcc) of
the electron and the neutrino, and the energy required to create
them as single particles, has been
attributed to the difficulty/necessity of creating them
exactly like all others of their kind ever produced - a difficulty
which is moot in the case of particle-anti-particle pairs (since
these can immediately and certainly annihilate each other with no
threat to symmetry/energy conservation). This difficulty is
thought to be resolved by returning to the original high
energy at which these leptonic elementary particles were first
created in the primordial heat of the "Big Bang" - which the great
mass-energy of the IVBs recreate.
The next (and last?) particle in the energetic series of these
strange, heavy weak force particles is the "Higgs boson",
weighing-in at about 126 gev. This is a scalar particle, not a
vector-boson like the Ws or Z. So despite the "ball-park"
similarity in mass, the Higgs is a radically different particle in
terms of function. The IVBs carry or transfer the weak force; the
Higgs "gauges" or "scales" the convergence of the electric and
weak forces, encompassing also the IVBs. The IVBs are active, the
Higgs is static. The Higgs identifies the energy level at which
the electric and weak forces join (creating the combined
"electroweak" (EW) force. This distinction is important because
there are at least two other "force-convergence" energy boundaries
above the EW confluence, the "GUT" ("Grand Unified Theory")
convergence at which the strong force joins the other two
(creating baryons), and the "TOE" ("Theory of Everything")
threshold at which gravity joins the other three (creating
leptoquarks and spacetime). Each of these high-energy force
convergences is assumed to have its own uniquely distinguishing
"Higgs-like" scalar particle (a boundary or threshold marker for
each "force-unity energy plateau" or "symmetric energy state").
(See: "Table
of the Higgs Cascade".)
Below the
Higgs electroweak energy scale (and below the primordial
energy scale of the IVBs at which lepton identities merge (among
themselves) and quark identities merge (also among themselves -
but leptons and quarks remain distinct), we find our own more
familiar electromagnetic (EM) "ground state" energy domain of
atomic matter, with its own distinct energy levels of electron
shell (chemical energy) and nucleus ("atomic" or nuclear energy).
The interior of our sun and stars only begins to approach the
primordial electroweak (EW) energy threshold because of the
copious nuclear transformations (fusion/fission) and IVB activity
ongoing there, but even these energies are not sufficient to
completely liquify an atomic nucleus. The EM energy regime is
preeminently the domain of Information and (in its
chemical sector) biology. Biochemical life is
probably common throughout the Cosmos.
But we want to know what the Higgs boson is "good for"? What is
its function, what does it do, why must it exist? We know what the
IVBs do and how they function - they transform/create single
elementary particles and they do so by revisiting the original
(primordial) energy levels at which these particles were first
created during the early micro-moments of the "Big Bang". Their
function is one of symmetry and energy conservation: all
elementary particles must be exactly alike in all conserved
attributes (charge, spin, mass, etc.) so they can seamlessly
replace one another in any reaction (including matter-antimatter
annihilation reactions) - and this regardless of when or where
they are/were created. This is a tall order, considering the
ongoing spatio-temporal entropic expansion of our 14
billion-year-old universe. This entropy problem requires the weak
force elementary particle transformation mechanism to return to
its primal origins, via the great mass of the weak force IVBs
(which act like time machines), impervious to the enervation of
entropy because they are massive. All electrons are
exactly alike because they are all made from the same mold at the
same temperature, via the IVBs.
The Higgs scalar boson also plays a major part in this complex
conservation scenario: the Higgs defines, scales, gauges,
and identifies an EW conservation domain in which the weak and
electric forces merge their energies (and properties). The
electromagnetic force is primarily a spatial action force of
attraction and repulsion (electric charge), and of spatial
entropic expansion and the spatial transfer of pure energy (the
"intrinsic" motion of light). The weak force is primarily a force
of information whose basic charge is identity.
Putting these two forces together provides the possibility of
energy, symmetry, and identity conservation in a spatially
extensive and causally connected domain (because energy quanta can
be identified, moved, and hence exactly reproduced and/or
annihilated). The principle example of this fertile force
combination is the elementary "Leptonic
Spectrum" (electron, muon, tau, leptoquark), in which
massive electrical particles (quanta) are combined with weak force
"identity charges": neutrinos are the explicit, "bare" forms of
weak force "identity" charge, and each massive lepton is
associated with a neutrino of its type, plus a corresponding but
"implicit" identity charge of its own (AKA lepton "flavor" or
"number" charge). (The leptoquark is hypothetical, but we need it
to join the leptons and baryons).
Through the "Leptonic Spectrum", the Higgs identifies and "gauges"
the EW conservation domain of spacetime, which essentially
comprises our entire, vast "post-Big Bang" Cosmos (hence the Higgs
has been called the "God particle"). The Higgs is saying: I am the
energy level at which a combined dimensional and karmic (cause and
effect) conservation domain is possible for these forces/energies,
complete with IVBs (both charged and neutral) for the
transformation of elementary particle identity and the foundation
of an information empire built upon an asymmetric, temporal,
local, matter-only alternative energy form (atoms). The Higgs
boson is a primitive artifact of our asymmetric universe,
identifying a conservation pathway for massive forms of asymmetric
atomic matter: the EW conservation domain, replete with
time-traveling IVBs and the leptonic spectrum of elementary
massive particles they faithfully sustain and reproduce. The Higgs
is responsible for creating the "Leptonic Spectrum"; the IVBs are
responsible for accurately replicating it over time and space. All
the rest, as they say, is entropy and information.
Leptoquarks and Baryons
It may appear to the reader that I have overlooked
the most important feature of the material world - the three-quark
baryons (protons and neutrons) which form the foundation of our
atomic realm and the Periodic Table. We will consider them next,
including the all-important question of their relationship to the
leptons. It is my assumption/belief that baryons and the quarks
that comprise them are related to leptons through derivation: the
baryons are nothing else but primitive, heavy leptons subdivided
into three parts, which are held together by internal "unitary
symmetry debts" (the gluon field), because Nature will not
tolerate a free-roaming fractional electric charge (quantum
mechanics forbids it because there is no way to conserve this
sub-level of broken symmetry (fractional charges cannot be
balanced or canceled or annihilated by other free-roaming
fractional anti-charges - since none exist). This assumption
immediately explains all the characteristics of the strong force color
charge and the otherwise mysteriously serendipitous and
much-too-convenient relationship between the leptons and baryons.
They are related through the leptoquark, the last and heaviest
member of the leptonic spectrum, a primitive lepton so massive
that it finds a lower-energy solution to the self-repulsion of its
own electric charge in the internal fractional charges of quarks
and associated gluon exchange field. Gluons permanently bind
quarks into whole quantum unit charge packets (baryons or mesons).
Baryons are composed of three quarks, mesons of a quark-antiquark
pair. The too-massive leptoquark brings a natural closure to the
energetic "leptonic spectrum" of elementary particles (just 4
species of elementary leptons (if we include leptoquarks but
ignore neutrinos) for the entire universe!). Leptons are the only
class of elementary particle, and are so distinguished by their
neutrino identity charges: sub-elementary quarks have none. The
(hypothetical) heavy leptoquark neutrino is an obvious candidate
for the "dark matter" of the Cosmos. (The (unrelated) mystery of
"dark energy" is discussed in
another paper.)
Postscript I
The Higgs is necessary in that it marks the
combining energy threshold of the electric and weak forces, and
the creation thereby of the "Leptonic Spectrum" of elementary
massive particles, from the electron to the leptoquark. So we are
saying the Higgs is responsible (directly) for the creation of the
leptons, and these in turn are necessary to produce a conserved,
alternative, massive, local, causal (temporal) universe from the
asymmetric energetic remnants of the "Big Bang". It is the
leptoquark, in fact, which (in concert with the asymmetric action
of the weak force), causes the original "Big Bang"
symmetry-breaking, for the fractional charges of the quarks
allow the creation of electrically neutral baryons (like
neutrons), which are susceptible to weak force asymmetric decays
(because they are so long-lived).
For those who are interested in the convergence between
science and religion, it is quite easy to see all the
ingredients of the Genesis creation myth in this parallel
scientific creation story: the tree of life is the leptonic
spectrum; the evil serpent is the asymmetric action of the weak
force; the proffered apple is the Higgs boson; the Garden of Eden
is the unbroken symmetric energy state of light, before
symmetry-breaking; the casting-out is into the broken symmetry of
the realm of massive atomic matter, penalized by time, gravity,
charge, mass, and local immobility (not to mention death and
taxes). The angel with the flaming sword is electric charge,
really mad about being tricked (neutralized) by the fractional
charges of the quarks, which are consequently locked away
permanently (in baryons).
We live and move and have our being within the Electroweak
Conservation Domain, made possible by the Higgs Boson combining
the electric and weak forces, producing the Leptonic Spectrum,
with subsequent weakforce symmetry-breaking of electrically
neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark pairs, producing our asymmetric,
"matter-only" universe as an alternative energy form conserved by
the law of charge conservation: the charges of
matter are symmetry debts of light. Once stability is
reached within the asymmetric "matter-only" atomic system so
created, information building can proceed, producing first the
Periodic Table of the Elements and eventually life, consciousness,
abstract thought, and technical understanding. The Cosmos awakens
to itself. Life is the rationale for the Cosmos. Without doubt,
life is everywhere throughout our universe. (A major philosophical
question remains: does life exist on larger scales than our own?
Is our planet ("Gaia"), solar system, galaxy, or indeed the
Universe itself "alive"? Does the fact of our individual life
confer "generalized life" upon these larger (and demonstrably
necessary) organized systems that contain and support us?
Are we but "cells" within a larger living entity?)
To be clear, we should say that we live within the planetary and
biochemical sector of the information realm of atomic matter, in
the electromagnetic ground state of the electroweak domain, as
gauged by the Higgs boson from primordial times. Of the Leptonic
Spectrum, only the electron and the leptoquark (now in the form of
protons/neutrons) significantly engage our daily lives, although
their neutrinos play an important but unseen (charge conserving)
role. Nuclear forces (strong and weak) are at work in our Sun,
providing heat and light for our negentropic and
information-building lifestyle. Our Sun is the archetype of
symmetry conservation, converting bound electromagnetic energy
(mass) to free electromagnetic energy (light), while
simultaneously taking the first step along the information pathway
that leads to the Periodic Table and eventually to life (creating
helium from hydrogen). Within our Sun, too, the IVBs of the EW
domain are busy converting one elementary particle into another,
but the IVBs are as close as we will come to the primordial
energies of the Higgs itself. The EW domain established by
the Higgs boson encompasses everything in our Cosmos created after
the "Big Bang", with one notable exception - the "black hole".
This gravitational estate in which time itself stands still,
remains a profound mystery, in that we don't know what it is
composed of. If there is an alien visitor from another universe
within our spacetime, it can only be the "black hole" (abducting
our stars for its own energy reserves?). I discuss these truly
bizarre states of negative energy, including their conservation
role, in the gravity and entropy sections of my website. See: "Introduction to
Gravity" and "Introduction
to Entropy". (See also: "Overview of the
System" and "Alternative
Charge Carriers and the Higgs Boson".)
Returning to the question
of the strong force: the "Leptonic Spectrum" takes account of the
strong force only through the notion of the (hypothetical)
leptoquark. Is this a sufficient treatment? Yes, because of the
peculiar nature of this force (Gell-Mann "color" version) which is
entirely "bottled-up" within the baryon itself, having no presence
in the outside world. The binding of compound atomic nuclei is
entirely due to the exchange of virtual mesons (Yukawa strong force
mechanism), the color charge "gluons" playing no part. What
then does the strong force color charge do? Of course it binds
quarks permanently within baryons, and holds mesons together
(apparently). But beyond the permanent "confinement" of quarks
within baryons (thankfully shielding our eyes from the hideous,
asymmetric sight of fractional charges), the main effect of the
strong force color charge is simply the creation of "mass": only
the binding energy of gluons makes a baryon "heavy". So the Higgs
has nothing to do with the mass of the quarks or baryons, nor, by
extension, has its creation the "Leptonic Spectrum". It's all
binding energy in the case of the color-charge strong force,
leaving the field of mass effects entirely to the primordial
convergence energy of the electric and weak forces - the "spatial
action" force and the "information" force. Hence the "Leptonic
Spectrum" does not have to encompass or account for the masses of
quarks or baryons, including, of course, the anomalously huge mass
of the "top" quark. The "Leptonic Spectrum" is some sort of
"harmonic resonance", which the masses of the baryons and their
quarks need not disturb.
Our universe exists
because it found an asymmetric (but wholly conserved!) alternative
expression to the perfect symmetry of light and
particle-antiparticle pairs that characterizes the Multiverse. This alternative
manifestation depends upon electrically neutral quark
combinations (electrically neutral leptoquarks), alternative
charge carriers (leptons, neutrinos, mesons), and the asymmetric action of
the weak force (by which - for reasons unknown - antimatter
leptoquarks decay at a slightly faster rate than matter
leptoquarks). The "Big Bang" is just the escape from the
Multiverse occasioned by the discovery of this alternative pathway
to existence. We surmise that universes of our type (asymmetric
but nevertheless wholly conserved) are the only possible
existential alternatives to the all-symmetric Multiverse. Finally,
it appears that the negative energy of the cosmic gravitational
field exactly balances the positive energy of the universal
electromagnetic field - that the universe is both charge-neutral
and energy-neutral. If this is true, then it costs the Multiverse
nothing to produce our cosmos, which can be seen "simply" as an
excursion into the Information Domain to explore what
possibilities may lie within this temporal/historical dimension.
Life, of course, is the great discovery within the Information
Domain, with carbon opening a molecular pathway to living
systems, consciousness, and the awakening of the universe to
itself. Beyond the biological molecular language of RNA-DNA, humans have opened a
new dimension within the information domain, the realm of
abstract information, including thought, imaginary information,
art, abstract information, mathematics and language (spoken and
written (alphabetic and symbolic)), computer language and
electronic information processing, artificial (machine)
intelligence, etc. We have only begun to explore the manifold
mysteries of the Cosmos and its Information Domain
- on every scale and of every quality, through science,
technology, philosophy, and art: rational and intuitive systems of
thought.