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Table of Contents:
Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Gravitation, Section B
Massless light is non-local, a-temporal, and
a-causal; massive matter is local, temporal, and causal.
"c" is a global constant gauging a global spatial metric; "G" is a
global constant gauging a local temporal metric.
Einstein discovered that gravitational fields slow clocks and shrink meter sticks, as does relative motion of any kind, breaking the global metric symmetry of space. These local effects are caused by relative (and accelerated) motions - either our motion through spacetime, or spacetime's motion through us (gravitation). These relative motions of matter require (or cause) compensatory adjustments in the local spacetime metric ("local gauge symmetry currents"), which are necessary to protect and conserve the invariant values of various conserved material charges, including the metric parameters "velocity c", the "Interval", and causality. Hence we find the "Lorentz Invariance" of Special Relatively, in which "moving clocks run slow" and meter sticks shrink in the direction of motion, and similar effects due to gravitation in General Relativity. Time and space can vary, as Einstein realized, but only if both vary together in such a way as to maintain the value of the electromagnetic energy gauge "c", and the ability of the metric as as a whole to conserve energy.
Thus in spite of the fact that the metric of gravitational
spacetime ("little g") varies continuously with distance from the
center of the field's source, or from one planet or star to
another, "velocity c" remains constant wherever it is measured.
The same is true for relative motions of any kind: clocks may slow
and meter sticks may shrink, but causality and the measured value
of "velocity c" remains invariant - independent of the relative
motion (whether linear or accelerated) of source or observer. The
same holds true for electric charge and indeed, for all of light's
conserved symmetry debts.
But gravity, as Einstein realized, does much more than simply
make things fall down. Gravity is more than accelerated motion
with the associated effects of "Lorentz Invariance" coordinating
measurements of space and time - even a sports car can produce the
effects of accelerated motion and "Lorentz Invariance". As
Einstein discovered, gravity produces its effects by the "warpage"
or "curvature" of the spacetime metric, such that space itself is
set in wholesale motion, "falling" with acceleration toward any
local center of mass. Co-movers with the flow feel no force. But
again, what produces this spatial flow? In the hypothesis
presented in these pages, it can be nothing else but the one-way
flow of time into the historic domain, at right angles to all
three spatial dimensions. This temporal flow, which is initiated
from every center of mass beginning with atoms, pulls space after
it and so produces the attractive principle - of every massive
object for every other: the symmetrically concentric in-fall of
space toward every mass center, as time marches only forward into
history. The process is set in motion by the collapsing wave
function of light as it is converted into bound forms of energy
(by any process), and thereafter is self-feeding: the in-falling
spatial parameters annihilate each other, leaving a metrically
equivalent temporal residue, which continues the temporal march
into history. Thus gravity and time induce each other endlessly,
until bound energy is re-converted into free energy. (See: "The Conversion
of Space to Time".)
Since we are making the assumption that the field vectors of the forces are all in effect "local gauge symmetry currents", converting global symmetries into local symmetries (and vice versa), we must allow the field vectors to inform us regarding the activity and conservation role of the force in question. In the case of gravitation, the field vector or "graviton" is time or spacetime, the activity is the conversion of space into time (and vice versa), and the conservation role is extremely broad, encompassing the conservation of energy, entropy, symmetry, and causality. In the context of the "global vs local gauge symmetry" paradigm, the conservation role of gravitation is most generally characterized as the conversion of the symmetric global, spatial metric, whose only energy form is light, to an asymmetric, local spacetime metric which accommodates the conservation requirements of both light and matter (free and bound forms of electromagnetic energy).
The purpose of a dimensional metric is energy conservation, and gravitation acts to convert the energy-conserving symmetric global metric of space and light to the energy-conserving asymmetric local metric of spacetime, light, and matter. This is essentially the conversion of a global Newtonian metric consisting of an invariant space and time, to an Einsteinian local metric consisting of an invariant electromagnetic constant "c", with co-varying space and time (Minkowski spacetime). The key local interaction is the Lorentz transformation or "Lorentz Invariance", in which space and time co-vary in such a way ("moving clocks run slow and meter sticks shrink in the direction of motion") that regardless of relative motions or variable gravitational fields, velocity c remains an invariant universal constant, conserving causality, the "Interval", and the value of the various charges and symmetry debts of matter. This is part of the basic energy conservation role of gravity, which must include the creation of bound energy's historical entropy drive (time). The gravitational force will, in addition, eventually fulfill and complete its symmetry conservation role via the conversion of bound to free energy in stars, supernovas, quasars, and finally and completely, through Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes.
In the gravitational force, co-varying time and space are the analogs of light's co-varying electric and magnetic fields, the local gauge symmetry "current" or force. Time is implicitly resident in the spacetime metric, just as magnetism is implicitly resident in light's electromagnetic field.
The graviton is the presumed field vector of gravitation, the local symmetry current exchanged between all massive particles (via its effect upon the spacetime metric). The graviton is actually a form of time or spacetime. A graviton is a quantum unit of time or temporal entropy. All massive objects have a "location" charge, whose active principle is time. As the time charge exits space (at right angles to all three spatial dimensions, marching off into history via its intrinsic, entropic dimensional motion), time pulls the spatial dimensions along behind it, causing them to annihilate each other at the point-like entrance to the one-way time line. Annihilating spatial dimensions leave behind a temporal residue which is the metric equivalent of the collapsed space. This new temporal residue likewise moves off down the time line into history, pulling more space behind it, repeating the endless, self-feeding entropic cycle. A gravitational field is the spatial consequence of the intrinsic motion of time. (See: "A Description of Gravity"; and see: "The Conversion of Space to Time".)
The invariant, global magnitude of "big G", the gauge of gravity's "location" charge, must be maintained because of the intimate connection between time and energy conservation (entropy, causality, the Interval, relative motion, etc.). Hence both c and G must be universal and invariant metric gauge constants. Nevertheless, time can vary locally if space co-varies, a combination which maintains the constant value of c, the "Interval", and causality. Time can vary locally only within the framework of a global metric structure which as a whole remains capable of conserving energy. Charge invariance - including the "Lorentz Invariance" of Special and General Relativity - is the key to understanding the local forces and the local action of the field vectors (local "gauge symmetry currents"). The local, relative motions of matter require local compensatory forces to maintain and protect the invariant, global parameters of charge, including the "Interval", causality, and the electromagnetic constant, "c".We see a hierarchy of global-local gauge symmetries, with the global "multiverse" at the top, existing purely in terms of creative potential, with all the various possible universes as the local gauge expressions of the next lower (derivative) level. Our universe is one such local choice among these (infinite?) possibilities, whose physical laws and constants (by chance alone) favor the evolution of our life form (the "Anthropic Principle"). (Within our own universe, however, the evolution of life is not due to simple chance, but to the operation of a 4x3 General Systems or fractal algorithm. See: "Nature's Fractal Pathway".) At the multiverse level, the energy type, dimensional parameters, and physical constants of our universe are but the local gauge parameters of a specific (electromagnetic) choice or realization, perhaps among an infinitude of possible universes. I would guess that the only restriction upon the physical parameters of any universe is that: 1) it requires no net energy (or charge) to create; 2) it must be capable of conserving such energy as it does contain; 3) it must be able to break its initial symmetry condition; 4) it must be able to return to its symmetric origins (like a cosmic-scale "current" returning to "ground").
Within our electromagnetic, 4-D universe, the electromagnetic constant "c" is the dominant global energy gauge, regulating spacetime and its perfectly symmetric metric, with massless, non-local light as its perfectly symmetric energy form. Next below light, "c", and the symmetric (inertial) spacetime metric, is matter and gravity, both derived from light and light's spatial metric. "G" is a global gauge but defines a local metric, which is characterized and "warped" by asymmetric time. The gravitational charge recognizes all particles (whether matter or antimatter) only in terms of their mass, the broadest category among material particles (excluding only light). Next below the gravitational "location" charge (in terms of generality) is the electric charge, recognizing the equivalency of all electrically charged particles, but distinguishing between matter vs antimatter (as in the opposite charges of electron vs positron). However, not all massive particles carry electric charge (neutrinos), and electric charge can neutralize itself (neutrons, atoms). The weak "identity" charge follows, recognizing three or four subcategories of number or "identity" charge (lepton and baryon "number" charges) within matter, and distinguishing by parity between left-handed matter and right-handed antimatter. Finally at the bottom, we find the narrowest category, the strong force charge recognizing only other color charges within baryons or mesons.
This same hierarchy is like a set of nested Russian dolls with
respect to the physical volumes of space within their domains. At
the top, we have the multiverse of infinite potentiality and
n-dimensional conservation domains; next, our 4-D unbounded
universe of light, followed by our gravitationally bounded
universe, and the gravitational boundaries of galaxies, stellar
systems, stars, and planets; below planets is the electrical
domain of crystals and organic molecular systems and forms, and
atomic electron shells; below the atomic level is the realm of the
two nuclear forces, the weak force at the level of elementary
particles (creation, destruction, decay, and transformation),
followed by a final (?) layer of the sub-elementary quarks,
permanently confined by the color charges of the strong force.
Biological (living) systems, depending upon how one defines them,
fit somewhere below stellar systems (space-faring species) and
above crystals (bacteria, virus). Humans currently occupy the
planetary level, and are attempting to move up to the stellar
level of Solar Systems.
At every level, from the "Big Crunch" to the Sun, stars, and
Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes, to the
matter-antimatter annihilations of particle-antiparticle pairs, or
particle and proton decay, the system of interwoven and nested
global and local symmetries drives toward a single goal: the
return of bound to free energy, the transformation of matter to
light, as required by the symmetry conservation mandate of
"Noether's Theorem".
A diagrammatic representation of the global-local gauge symmetry structure of natural law and the physical forces can be seen in: "The Tetrahedron Model". A comparison of the "Tetrahedron Model" vs the "Standard Model" of physics is also available.
Postscript
A Hierarchy of Gravitational Conservation Roles and Domains
(See: "Nodes
of the Gravitational Metric".)
