JOHN A. GOWAN
Revised Nov., 2012
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Abstract

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 "families" or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. With its origin in the "Multiverse", our Universe apparently devolved (rapidly) downward in an asymmetric "Higgs Cascade" to the electromagnetic ground state, and now evolves (slowly) upward again in a "rebound" driven by negentropic gravity and symmetry conservation (Noether's Theorem), back to the Multiverse state (in a "Big Crunch" gravitational cosmic collapse) or to a state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light). CERN announced the discovery of a Higgs-like boson on 4 July, 2012 (energy level ~126 GEV).

Unification Eras (or Symmetric Energy States) of the "Big Bang":

Force-Unity Eras: Multiverse Era

Multiverse Era: Non-dimensional, "vacuum" potential of undefined creative energy, producing infinitely (?) many energy-conserving Universes (with various and unique physical constants) via quantum fluctuations of no net energy or charge, one of which (constrained by the "Anthropic Principle") becomes our own. Below, scalar Higgs particles, "Standard Model" symmetry groups, transformative IVB families, and field vectors of the four forces are listed for an entropy driven decay "cascade" through 4 successively diminishing levels of force unification. Major roles and productions of the eras are suggested. Except for the final EM "ground" state, unification eras correspond to a specific temperature (absolute degrees Kelvin) and time period (after "time zero") of the "Big Bang" decay sequence (For table data see: Brian Greene: "The Fabric of the Cosmos", P. 270, Knopf, 2004, and Frank Close: The New Cosmic Onion Taylor and Francis, 2007, page 196. For symmetry discussion, see : Ian Stewart, "Why Beauty is Truth", P. 239-73, Basic Books, 2007). For a discussion of the Higgs boson, see: Sean Carroll: The Particle at the End of the Universe, Dutton, 2012

Force-Unity Eras: Planck Era

3) Planck Era (quantum gravity era, primordial "Ylem" era). Y+, Y-, Y (neutral) IVBs; Higgs 3 (or "Higgs y"), - TOE unity (Theory of Everything): unified positive electromagnetic and negative gravitational energy ("Yin-Yang"). All forces unified. 10(32)k; 10(-43) sec. Unified gravity, light, spacetime, and bound energy forms (primordial, electrically charged leptons; charged leptoquarks (a leptoquark is a trisected heavy lepton, the mass limit of the leptonic spectrum). "Quark soup", "quantum gravity". Negative gravitational energy exactly balances positive electromagnetic energy. Matter-antimatter symmetry. Primordial, massive, charged leptons are produced by the combined action of all forces. "Y" IVBs transform electrically charged leptoquarks into electrically neutral leptoquarks, creating the possibility of matter-antimatter symmetry-breaking. Neutral leptoquarks will decay further in level 2 (Leptoquark Era). Matter-antimatter annihilations. (Creation of primordial leptons, particle mass, and leptoquarks; "Big Bang" Creation Event; separation of Universe from Multiverse. Creation of bound electromagnetic energy (massive particle-antiparticle pairs) from free electromagnetic energy (light). Coding and conservation of light's symmetry, energy, and entropy parameters as the charges, spin, mass, and time of particles. Rebound = "Big Crunch".)

Force-Unity Eras: Leptoquark Era

2) Leptoquark Era. X+, X-, X (neutral) IVBs; Higgs 2 (or "Higgs x"), - GUT unity (Grand Unified Theory). Electrically neutral leptoquarks only. Separation of the spacetime metric (including gravity) from primordial leptoquarks, and the beginning of the entropic expansion and cooling of the Cosmos. This separation may correspond to the "inflationary" era of Guth and Linde (?). Strong and electroweak forces unified. Quarks and leptons combined but with separate spacetime and gravity. 10(28)k; 10(-35) sec. Quark partial charges allow the existence of electrically neutral leptoquarks. "X" IVBs compress neutral leptoquarks, causing color charge to self-annihilate in the limit of "asymptotic freedom". With conserved color charges absent, weak force decays proceed (via the "X" IVBs) with the emission of leptoquark neutrinos. Asymmetric weak force decay of electrically neutral leptoquarks vs antileptoquarks produces level H1 Hyperon Era and matter asymmetry of Cosmos. (Transformation of leptoquarks. Asymmetric creation of matter and single hyperons; leptoquark antineutrinos are "dark matter" candidates. "Proton decay". Rebound = black holes.) (For "inflation" hypothesis, see: Alan H. Guth The Inflationary Universe Helix Books 1997.)

Force-Unity Eras: Hyperon Era

1) Hyperon Era. W+, W-, W (neutral) IVBs; Higgs 1 (or "Higgs w"), - EW unity (Electroweak Unification): hyperons (heavy baryons) and heavy leptons. Weak and electromagnetic forces unified. 10(15k); 10(-12) sec. Matter-only asymmetry. Leptons and quarks separate into unified lepton "genera" and unified hadron "genera". "W" IVBs transform quarks into other quarks and leptons into other leptons (but not leptons into quarks). Hyperons and heavy leptons decay (via "W" IVBs) to "ground state" proton, neutron, electron, and photon with emission of leptonic antineutrinos. Leptons, mesons, and neutrinos serve as alternative charge carriers for the decays of hyperons and heavy leptons, avoiding antimatter annihilation reactions. (Creation of leptons, neutrinos, mesons - alternative charge carriers; creation of leptonic "singlets". Transformation of baryons. Rebound = Stars)

Atomic Era: "Ground State"

Atomic Era. Cold "Ground State". Free-ranging photons; creation of large spatial and temporal dimensions. Bosons, leptons, hadrons - EM unity (Electromagnetic Unification). Spacetime, light, and gravity remain unified, electric and magnetic fields remain unified. Heisenberg/Dirac virtual "vacuum" particle "sea". Photon separates from "W" IVBs, creates and energizes space; gravity creates time from space, time creates history. Photons and the spacetime metric are the ground state (dimensional) analogs of the Higgs and IVB "particle metric". Era of atomic matter, information, light, gravity, and spacetime. (Creation of space, time, atoms. Rebound = Planets.)

The "Ground State Vacuum" also hosts virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, which are essential for maintaining an active connection between the electromagnetic ground state and higher energy electroweak transformations, (for example, the transmutation of atomic nuclei in "radioactive" decays and during element-building in stars during the early "rebound phase"). Both processes (fission and fusion) directly and continuously interact with the electromagnetic ground state, whereas interactions at the GUT and TOE energy levels are typically of one-time historic significance (creation of Universe, creation of matter). Neutrino "flavor" oscillations may be an example of a remnant union from the more symmetric EW era.

Symmetry Restoration or "Rebound" Era

Ground State "Rebound" Information, life, and consciousness era, including humanity, symbolic information, and technology. Driven by symmetry conservation, negentropic gravity, and biological evolutionary forces. Rebound begins with planets (ground state); continues through sun-like stars and neutron stars (level H1); supernovas, quasars, and black holes (level H2); and cosmic collapse or "Big Crunch" (level H3). Creation of planets, stars, black holes, the "Big Crunch"; heavy elements, molecules, chemistry, life, conscious experience, symbolic information, technology, humanity, novel forms of creativity and beauty. (See: "Nature's Fractal Pathway".)

We have previously (and correctly) understood the gravitational rationale from the point of view of: 1) energy, entropy, and causality conservation (the gravitational creation of time from space, providing the temporal entropy drive and causal linkages for bound energy); 2) the point of view of symmetry conservation (the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy, as in stars); 3) as the source of negative energy (balancing positive electromagnetic energy) in the "Big Bang". (See: Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics"). The gravitational recapitulation of force unification and symmetry states (culminating in the "Big Crunch") allows us to understand the gravitational rationale from a new, fourth perspective embracing only the reunification of the four forces.

Rationale for the Higgs Boson

The role of the weak force in the cosmic scheme is to create, destroy, or transform single elementary particles. An asymmetry in the action of this force is thought to be responsible for the production of our "matter-only" universe. The Higgs boson is necessary to gauge (determine, standardize) the rest mass energy of the IVBs and the elementary leptons and quarks, so their masses will have a defined and invariant magnitude, reproducible everywhere and anywhen in time and space. This is the grand "local gauge symmetry" of the weak force and the single elementary particles it produces. An electron created today can be "swapped out" with any other in the Cosmos, no matter when or where it was produced, including in the "Big Bang" (hence exact antimatter annihilation partners can also be produced, when required, as for energy/symmetry conservation). The Higgs acts through its IVBs to gauge the elementary particle masses. The large Higgs and IVB masses reproduce the force-unity energy levels in which these particles were first made (the electroweak force-unity energy level in the case of the "W" IVBs). Thus every elementary particle is forged from the same original mold, and every weak force interaction involving the IVBs is a mini "Creation Event".  Moreover, the massive Higgs is also thought to stabilize the universe against collapsing into a black hole during the "Big Bang" (see cite below). The Higgs and IVBs must be massive to prevent the attenuation of their energy content during the entropic expansion of the cosmos over its lifetime. Regarding the inertial mass of particles as measured by resistance to acceleration (F = MA), see: "The Higgs Boson vs the Spacetime Metric".

The anomalous parity violation of the weak force is due to the absence of antimatter. Lacking other distinguishing charges, left vs right "handedness" is the only way neutrinos are differentiated from antineutrinos - all matter neutrinos have left-handed spin and all antimatter neutrinos have right-handed spin. In our matter-only universe, the weak force can only interact with left-handed electrons (for example), because the electron neutrinos which carry the electron's leptonic "number" or "identity" charge (the alternative charge carrier) is perforce exclusively left-handed.

Like other charges, "handedness" must either be conserved as it is, or neutralized by its opposite. When an electron is created, its leptonic "number" or "identity" charge must be neutralized by an accompanying antineutrino, which however can only have right-handed spin, forcing the electron (which ordinarily can have either handedness) to have the opposite and balancing left-handed spin. When this electron is subsequently destroyed in some later weak force reaction, its number charge must be conserved (carried forward as is) by a (matter) neutrino, which of course can only have left-handed spin. Hence we see the parity charge "left-handedness" carried through the creation and destruction of (matter) electrons, first by the electron itself, and then by its neutrino. Thus arises the weak force violation of parity, coupling only to left-handed particles, an asymmetry which would be completely reversed if our world were made of antimatter.

References

Gross, Politzer, Wilczek: Science: 15 October 2004 vol. 306 page 400: "Laurels to Three Who Tamed Equations of Quark Theory."
Mee, Nicholas: Higgs Force The Lutterworth Press 2012
Close, Frank. The Infinity Puzzle. 2011. Basic Books.
Sean Carroll: The Particle at the End of the Universe, Dutton, 2012
M. Herranen, T. Markkanen, S. Nurmi, A. Rajantie. Spacetime Curvature and the Higgs Stability During Inflation. Physical Review Letters, 2014; 113 (21) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.211102

Links to other parts of this paper:

Go to: The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): A General Systems Perspective (part I)
Go to: The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): A General Systems Perspective (part II)
Go to: The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): A General Systems Perspective (part III)